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Measuring Fatigue of Soldiers inWireless Body Area Sensor Networks

N. Javaid1, S. Faisal1, Z. A. Khan2, D. Nayab3, M. Zahid4

1COMSATS Institute of IT, Islamabad, Pakistan.2Dalhaousie University, Halifax, Canada.

3NWFP UET, Peshawar, Pakistan.4Sarieddine Trading Est, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.

Abstract—Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks (WBASNs)consist of on-body or in-body sensors placed on human body forhealth monitoring. Energy conservation of these sensors, whileguaranteeing a required level of performance, is a challengingtask. Energy efficient routing schemes are designed for thelongevity of network lifetime. In this paper, we propose a routingprotocol for measuring fatigue of a soldier. Three sensors areattached to soldier’s body that monitor specific parameters. Ourproposed protocol is an event driven protocol and takes threescenarios for measuring the fatigue of a soldier. We evaluateour proposed work in terms of network lifetime, throughput,remaining energy of sensors and fatigue of a soldier.

I. INTRODUCTIONWireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) seek the attention of

researchers due to their effectiveness in multiple applications.A particular subclass of WSNs known as WBASN consists ofmultiple sensors attached with the human body to provide usreal time feedback like temperature, heartbeat, pulse rate andECG monitoring. Through WBASN a patient is monitored,and in case of critical situation an immediate action is madepossible. Sensors collect data from the body of a patient andsend it to physician. The primary application of WBASN iscontinuous healthcare monitoring.In WBASNs, monitoring of environment is a challenging

task due to limited number and sensitive placement of sensors.Misplacement of sensors cause degradation in the quality ofcaptured data. So, placement of tiny and light powered sensorsis an important factor. To prolong the lifetime of sensors,route selection is of key importance. Thus, Authors in [1], [2]and [3] proposed energy efficient routing protocols. A commonmethod for maximizing the sensors lifetime is minimizationof communication between sensors. For energy consumptionminimization [4], special attention must be given to enhancethe communication system.Fatigue, physical or mental, is a subjective feeling of

tiredness. Sometimes, it is correlated with lethargy. Physi-cal fatigue is the inability of muscles to maintain optimalphysical performance. Medically, fatigue is considered as asymptom rather than a sign because it is reported by apatient in a subjective manner. Normally, fatigue is causedby loaded work, depression, boredom, mental stress, lack ofsleep, etc [5]. Different routing protocols have been proposedfor various data demands in WBASNs. If sensors sense and

gather data constantly and transmit it periodically then thistype of communication is called clock driven communication.In event driven communication, transmission is triggered by aparticular event. Query driven communication deals with thetransmission occurrence in response to a query.Various techniques are proposed for improving the effi-

ciency of direct communication. In this paper, we present anew routing scheme for measuring the fatigue of a soldier. Ourrouting protocol takes three scenarios into account: (1) walking(2) slow running and (3) fast running. We use an event drivenapproach i.e. transmission is triggered by a particular event.

II. RELATED WORK AND MOTIVATION

Authors in [6] proposed Energy-Balanced Rate Assignmentand Routing protocol (EBRAR) for body area networks. InEBRAR, routes are selected on the basis of residual energyof nodes. Moreover, intelligent data transmission and uniformdistribution facilitate network lifetime enhancement.In [7], authors proposed an opportunistic routing scheme

for WBASNs. Quality of link between nodes in WBASN iseffected by the body movement. Therefore, proposed oppor-tunistic routing protocol maximizes the lifetime of sensorsduring body movements.N. Javaid et al. [8] proposed a routing protocol for heteroge-

neous WBASNs. Data is transmitted directly for on-demanddata and multi-hop communication is used for normal datadelivery in the proposed protocol.Authors in [9] introduced 3 types of nodes with different

energies, i.e. normal, advanced and super nodes. Energy ofsuper nodes is more than normal nodes and advanced nodes.CHs are selected on the basis of their energies.In Q-LEACH [10], the network is divided into four quad-

rants. Each quadrant possesses specific number of nodes, andis further divided into sectors. Each sector selects its own CHand hence load on CH reduces.HEER [11] is a cluster based reactive routing protocol

which uses residual energy of nodes and average energy of thenetwork for the selection of CH. Furthermore, introduction ofhard and soft threshold helps to conserve energy of the sensors.A. Ahmad et al. proposed DDR (Density controlled Divide-

and-Rule) scheme for energy efficient routing in wireless sen-sor networks) [12]. In DDR, static clustering technique is used.

2013 Eighth International Conference on Broadband, Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications

978-0-7695-5093-0/13 $31.00 © 2013 IEEE

DOI 10.1109/BWCCA.2013.43

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2013 Eighth International Conference on Broadband, Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications

978-0-7695-5093-0/13 $31.00 © 2013 IEEE

DOI 10.1109/BWCCA.2013.43

227

Nodes are distributed uniformly in the network and randomlyin the clusters. In DDR, network is divided into segments.Each segment is designed such that distance between CH andnodes, and between CH and base station is reduced. Afterevery round new CH is selected in each segment with theability of fixed number of CH in each round. CH is selectedsuch that its distance from central reference point is minimum.In every segment mutihop communication strategy is adopted.Authors in [13] present a system in which multiple sensors

are attached with the body to monitor various body parameterssuch as, heart activities. It is a radio based wireless networktechnology.Authors in [14] conducted a comprehensive survey on

different architectures used in WBASNs for ubiquitous health-care monitoring. Various standards and devices used in thesearchitectures, and finally the influence of path loss in WBANsare also provided.According to our knowledge, existing routing protocols in

WBASNs are mainly concerned with energy efficiency ofnodes. Thus, we propose a routing protocol to consider specificreal time mobility scenarios like walking, slow running andfast running with an additional capability to measure fatigue.

III. PROPOSED PROTOCOL

For the improvement of security, we must know the physicalstatus of soldiers. An important factor in physical status ofsoldier is fatigue. If we know the state of fatigue in soldiersthen we can send backup to them. In this proposed protocol,we measure the fatigue of a soldier through WBASN. Sensorscollect several body parameters of a soldier, send this datato Base Station (BS) placed on body and BS sends it backto headquarter. The main problem in WBASNs is the limitedenergy of sensors. So, an efficient routing protocol is neededfor maximizing the lifetime of sensors. In this paper, wepropose a protocol for measuring the fatigue of a soldier andalso a routing protocol for maximizing the lifetime of sensors.

A. Placement of sensors

We place three sensors on the body of a soldier, each ofwhich has a specific attribute to sense. Sensors that are placedon the body are:→ Temperature sensor→ Blood glucose level sensor→ Heartbeat sensor→ BS1) Temperature sensor: This sensor is placed on the finger-

tip of soldier to measure the temperature.2) Blood Glucose level sensor: The purpose of this sensor

is to check glucose level in the blood of soldier. It is positionedon fingertip. As glucose level can only be checked by takingblood samples, so we assume that sensor takes the bloodsamples periodically and checks glucose level in the blood.3) Heartbeat sensor: This sensor is placed on heart of

soldier to measure heartbeat.

4) BS: BS is placed on the wrist of soldier. We assume thatBS do not have battery problem and is enriched with energy.All the above three sensors (temperature, blood glucose leveland heartbeat) send data to BS. Fig. 1 shows the placementof nodes on soldier.

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Fig. 1. Placement of nodes on soldier’s body

B. ScenariosFollowing are the scenarios for measuring the fatigue of

soldier:→ Soldier is walking→ Soldier is running slowly→ Soldier is running very fast1) Walking: When soldier is walking, temperature of the

body increases slowly. We assume that initially body temper-ature of soldier is normal. When soldier starts to walk, tem-perature sensor starts to sense the body temperature. Initially,transmitter of sensor does not transmit data to BS because thebody temperature of soldier is slowly increasing and is notin danger. Sensor remains in sleep mode for a specific periodof time. Whenever body temperature crosses threshold limit,transmitter sends data to BS.Heartbeat sensor checks the heart rate of soldier. At the

beginning, heartbeat of soldier is normal. When soldier startsto walk, heartbeat slowly increases. Sensor remains in sleepmode for normal heartbeat. Heartbeat sensor is triggeredwhenever palpitations cross a predefined threshold level.Blood glucose level sensor measures glucose level in the

blood of soldier. Blood glucose level of a person decreaseswhile walking. We assume that sensor takes blood samplesperiodically and compare the sensed value with threshold thatis predefined. If the sensed value decreases from the thresholdthen sensor sends data to BS which is an alarm that glucoselevel in blood of soldier is less.During walk, temperature and heartbeat of soldier increases

and glucose level in blood decreases with time. This meansthat energy of soldier is being consumed. Sensors sense thevalues and send it to the BS that is placed on wrist of thesoldier. BS checks received data and also the current energyof soldier. If state of fatigue is achieved then BS sends data to

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head quarter. For fatigue state we use Harris Benedict Formula.i.e.

A = (13.75× weight(kg)) (1)

B = (5.003× height(cm)) (2)

C = (6.775× age(years)) (3)

BMR = 66.5 +A+B − C (4)

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is the amount of energyrequired to maintain normal metabolic rate of the body. Thisis the energy required for the functioning of vital body partslike heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, nervous system and skin. Wetake this amount of energy as minimum energy of soldier andif a soldier’s condition meets this level then this is called as‘state of fatigue’.2) Slow Running: If soldier is running slowly then sensors

sense heartbeat, temperature and glucose level in blood. How-ever, in this scenario the heartbeat, temperature and glucoselevel reach the threshold earlier than walking.3) Fast Running: In this scenario soldier is running at very

high speed. So, in this case the fatigue state comes earlier thanwalking and slow running.

IV. RADIO MODEL FOR TRANSMISSION

Here we discuss how much energy of sensors is consumedduring transmission. In this paper, we use the energy consump-tion model used in [15], and is summarized in the followingequations.

Etx = ETXelec · k + Eamp · (n) · k · dn (5)

Erx = ERXelec · k (6)

Where, Etx is the transmission energy, reception energyErx, ETXelec denotes the energy dissipated by radio to runthe circuitry for the transmitter, ERXelec represents the energydissipated by radio to run the circuitry of the receiver, Eamp isthe energy for transmit amplifier, n is the path loss exponent.Its value is 3.38 for line of sight communication and for nonline of sight communication its value is 5.9. k shows thenumber of transmitted bits. Heartbeat sensor transmits 240bits, while blood glucose level sensor and temperature sensortransmit 2400 bits data [15].

TABLE IRADIO MODEL PARAMETERSParameters Value

Initial energy Eo 0.3 JTransmitting and receiving energy ETXelect 16.7nJ/bitTransmitting and receiving energy ERXelect 36.1nJ/bit

Amplification energy Eamp 1.97nJ/bit/m2

Fig. 2 shows the transmission of data from nodes to server.Firstly, nodes sense data then they transmit it to the BS onthe wrist of soldier. BS then transmit received data to serverthrough mobile station.

V. SIMULATION AND RESULTS

We use MATLAB [16] for simulation purpose. Radio modelparameters used in simulations are shown in table 1. Forsimulations purpose, nodes are distributed as shown in Fig.1. BS is placed on the wrist of soldier. All the three nodessend data to BS directly if threshold value is satisfied. Wetake 5 simulations to find average for each scenario and plotaverage results with 90% confidence interval. In simulationswe assume that walking speed of soldier is 3.0 miles per hour,slow running scenario speed is 5.0 miles per hour and fastrunning the speed of soldier is 7.0 miles per hour. Our goalsin conducting simulations are,→ Measuring the fatigue of the soldier while walking,

running slowly and running very fast.→ Extension of node lifetime.Fig. 3 shows graph of alive nodes verses rounds. Round

means network operation time in which nodes send data toBS. We assume that duration of a round is one second. InFig. 3 , we can see that in walking scenario the lifetime ofnodes is more than slow running and fast running scenarios.If soldier is walking, his/her activity is less and nodes donot send data more often. From activity we mean heartbeat,body temperature and glucose level of blood. Fig. 3 showsthat sensor lifetime of walking scenario is more than slowrunning and fast running scenarios because, when a soldier isrunning the heartbeat and temperature increases and glucoselevel decreases quickly. So in fast running scenario, nodessend data to BS after very short interval of time whichdecreases the lifetime of nodes. Similarly in slow runningscenario nodes send data to BS when nodes detect changein heartbeat, temperature and glucose level in blood whichis comparatively less then fast running scenario. It results inbetter network lifetime for slow running scenario as comparedwith fast running scenario.

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

x 104

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

No. of rounds

No.

of a

live

node

s

walkingslow runningrunning

Fig. 3. Alive Nodes for all Movement Models

Throughput of nodes is shown in Fig. 4. We assume thatthe number of packets sent to BS are successfully received. InFig. 4, we can see that when soldier is walking, throughput isless as compared with slow running and fast running scenarios.

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Fig. 2. Transmission of Data

Because, throughput is related with the heartbeat of soldier andheartbeat has a direct relation with the body temperature. So,in first scenario when a soldier is walking, his/her heartbeatis normal and throughput is less. Now, when the soldier isrunning fast, his/her temperature raises because of increasedheartbeat and number of packets sent to BS increases.

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

x 104

0.5

1

1.5

2

x 104

No. of rounds

No.

of p

acke

ts to

BS

walkingslow runningrunning

Fig. 4. Packets Sent to BS for 3 Move Models

In measuring the fatigue of soldier we set a thresholdby using the Harris Benedict Formula. The threshold 1500(joules) is set in our simulations. Fig. 5 shows the fatigueof soldier. We see that when soldier is walking, his stateof fatigue comes later compared with slow and fast runningscenarios because the activity of soldier’s body is less and theenergy is not consumed at faster rate. In fast running scenariothe heartbeat and temperature increases at a faster rate whichdecreases the glucose level continuously. Therefore, soldierreaches his fatigue level much earlier.Fig. 6 shows the remaining energy of nodes in the network.

In network every node has 0.3 joules energy. So total energyof nodes in the network is 0.9 joules. In fast running scenario,

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

x 104

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

No. of rounds

Fatig

ue, E

nerg

y co

nsu

med (

j)

walkingslow runningrunning

Fig. 5. Fatigue of Soldier during 3 Moves

the activities of soldier are much greater than the walkingscenario, and sensors are busy in getting the data from soldier’sbody and drain off their energy more quickly than the walkingscenario. It can be seen that in slow running scenario theenergy consumption is a bit less than fast running scenario.Table 2 shows analytical comparison of the nodes in three

scenarios. From table we can see lifetime of the nodes inwalking scenario is more than the slow and fast runningscenarios.

TABLE IICOMPARISON OF LIFETIME AND THROUGHPUT

Protocol First node dead(round)

Last node dead(round)

Throughput

Walking 8116 17010 2.22× 104

Slowrunning

7114 8854 2.27× 104

Fastrunning

7015 8617 2.28× 104

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0 0.5 1 1.5 2

x 104

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

No. of rounds

Res

idua

l ene

rgy

node

swalkingslow runningrunning

Fig. 6. Residual Energy of Sensors for 3 types of motions

In simulations, we assume total energy of soldier to be 2500joules. Soldier reaches the state of fatigue when his/her energylowers to 1500 joules. Table 3 shows the round in whichsoldier reaches to state of fatigue in all three scenarios.

TABLE IIIFATIGUE OF SOLDIER

Protocol Fatigue (round)Walking 10182

Slow running 6454Fast running 3811

VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

Energy saving of sensor node is a challenging task for re-searchers nowadays. In this paper, we proposed an event drivenrouting protocol for WBASNs. Specifically, Three senors areattached with soldier’s body to monitor his/her heartbeat, bodytemperature and glucose level in blood. An additional measureis fatigue of the soldier. Our proposed protocol takes threescenarios for measuring the fatigue of soldier i.e. (1) walking,(2) slow running and (3) fast running. Results show that ourprotocol performs better in terms of network lifetime andthroughput.As a part of our ongoing research, we are working on

implementing our proposed protocol for more than one soldier.In future, we are interested to work on MAC layer energyefficient protocol like [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], etc.

REFERENCES

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